Prison Violence Essay

Detainment rates increased to exceptional levels throughout the entire existence of the U.S.’s detainment. In this way, worry about social control of the detained, that is, prisoners’ conduct, has expanded. High prisoner disciplinary infractions, particularly savage infractions, are a danger to the wellbeing of jail, of remedial staff, and of different detainees. All things considered, the issue of control in jail is significant from a financial point of view, in light of the fact that an expected normal expense for each infraction at a medium security jail is $970 (Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). Therefore, Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando led an exploration to help clarify rough episodes, occurrences against restorative staff and occurrences against different detainees in jail. Recognizing the hazard components of detainees to submit savage demonstrations of offense is vital to jail organization. This kind of exploration can aid the order procedure of prisoners entering foundations just as the progressing characterization alterations of detainees as of now in authority. This examination will distinguish and research factors for vicious institutional offense. These components incorporate; be that as it may, are not restricted to race, age, training and business, family ties, length of sentence, security level, jail condition and sexual orientation. The theories of this examination are: 1. Brutal jail unfortunate behavior is progressively common among African-American and Hispanic detainees than Caucasians or some other ethnic gathering. 2. Detainees who are dwelling in most extreme security offices are more vicious than prisoners living in medium or least security offices, particularly towards restorative staff. Writing Review Race A few examinations were directed to inspect the job of race in detainee modification procedure and jail offense, particularly jail savagery. There were signs that there is an immediate connection among race and savage jail wrongdoing. Those discoveries bolster hypotheses, for example, jail change and subculture of viciousness, which state that minority bunches have higher paces of brutality in jail society than white prisoners (DeLisi et al., 2004; Griffin and Hepburn, 2006; Gillespie, W., 2005; Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando, 2002; Steiner and Wooldredge, 2009). As per Wayne Gillespie (2005), Caucasian prisoners show up less inclined to take part in many sorts of wrongdoing contrasted with African American and Hispanic detainees. Blacks are almost certain than Whites to bring out defensive brutal reactions to saw hazardous circumstances or dangers of physical injury by forceful, rough conduct planned for ensuring self or forestalling reprisal (Gillespie, W., 2005). Age Age and jail savagery had a reverse relationship. The more seasoned detainees were, the more uncertain they were to be associated with fierce jail offense. More youthful detainees were altogether bound to be associated with savage jail unfortunate behavior. This relationship was across the board all through all the investigations (Cunningham and Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Griffin and Hepburn, 2006; Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando, 2005; Ruddell et al., 2006; Sorensen and Cunningham, 2008). Training and Employment Examination shows an opposite connection between level of instruction and paces of jail offense. As level of training expanded, contribution in fierce jail unfortunate behavior diminished (Cunningham and Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Wooldredge et al., 2001). As expressed by Wooldredge, Griffin, and Pratt (2001), detainees who were utilized before imprisonment were more averse to be engaged with savage jail wrongdoing. This gathering was more put resources into acclimating in light of the fact that they had more to lose. Detainees who worked earlier imprisonment were more probable than different prisoners to be worried about returning home and proceeding with business. Family Ties Social and family support was contrarily identified with brutal jail unfortunate behavior (Cunningham and Sorensen, 2007; DeLisi et al., 2004; Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando, 2005; Wooldredge et al., 2001). Detainees with less social and familial help submitted fundamentally more demonstrations of genuine jail savagery (DeLisi et al., 2004). In addition, detainees who made and got more calls from kids were more averse to submit savage standard infringement (Jiang, Fisher-Giorlando and Mo, 2005). As indicated by Jiang and partners (2005) detainees with solid family attaches had more to lose in the event that they were engaged with vicious jail offense. Wellsprings of family bolster included mail, calls, and appearances. Rule infringement could bring about loss of visiting benefits, which is a solid wellspring of fortifying family ties. Length of Sentence The connection between length of current sentence that detainees are serving and savage jail unfortunate behavior is easy to refute. Detainees with shorter sentences were bound to submit fierce acts. Present moment condemned prisoners were normally more youthful they despite everything had a road attitude. Detainees with longer sentences were normally more seasoned and seemed to all the more likely comprehend the need to coincide with different prisoners just as remedial staff (Wooldredge et al., 2001). Security Level A few investigations demonstrated that security level is an indicator of rule infringement (Camp et al., 2003; Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando, 2002; Steiner and Wooldredge, 2008). To be progressively explicit, prisoners dwelling in working cell-squares and residences are more outlandish than are those in lock-down cell-squares to submit viciousness and episodes against remedial staff (Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). Jail Environment Jail condition applies an effect on detainee unfortunate behavior, particularly relational brutality (Blackburn et al., 2007; Camp et al., 2003; Steiner and Wooldredge, 2008). Examination led by Camp et al., (2003) showed that prison’s authoritative variables impacted inmates’ conduct that prompted savage unfortunate behavior. Besides, organizations with unpracticed staff had more prominent report quantities of detainee offense. In addition, jail swarming, as one of the natural elements, affected detainee conduct since it produces moderate mental states, for example, melancholy that at that point lead to unfortunate behavior (Camp et al., 2003). Sex Past examinations indicated that sex was conversely identified with brutal jail unfortunate behavior (Blackburn et al., 2007; Camp et al., 2003; Wolff et al., 2009). Male detainees detailed higher level of physical exploitation executed by staff, despite the fact that level of prisoner on detainee physical exploitation was equivalent for male and female prisoners (Wolff et al., 2009). This recommends sex designed communications among detainee and staff in which male detainees contrasted with female prisoners are progressively forceful against power figures. In rundown, what is known from the writing checked on is that a few variables may impact inmates’ conduct. What is missing is the relationship between's those elements and jail savage wrongdoing, which is tended to by my investigation. Key factors distinguished in the inspected writing are race, age, training and business, family ties, length of sentence, security level and jail condition, which are fused into the studyâ₠¬â„¢s strategy as study and center gathering questions. Hypothetical Review To clarify detainee conduct in jail three significant hypothetical models have been proposed. They are the hardship, importation, and situational models. A genuine clarification of fierce prisoner unfortunate behavior lies in a blend of those three speculations. In any case, the importation model can be use as the most real solitary clarification of savage jail offense. The primary focal point of an importation model is because of pre-jail socialization and experience of the prisoner on his/her conduct while being detained (Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). As per Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando (2002) inmates’ conduct can be to a great extent decide by their unmistakable characteristics and social foundations. The importation model is an impression of a pre-jail standards and convictions arrangement of a detainee as opposed to an aftereffect of imprisonment in an office (Irvin and Cressey, 1962; as refered to in Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando, 2002). As importation model suggests detainee conduct while being behind the bars is an expansion of the introverted practices that criminal wrongdoers created in the network (DeLisi et al., 2004). Examination Design The examination structure that I utilized was the investigation of a current database. I downloaded and dissected a current information source from the National Archives of Criminal Justice Data, which can be found at www.ICPSR.org. The information source that I downloaded and examined has number 24642 and its title is Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. The guideline examiner of this examination is United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the timespan is January first, 2005 to December 30th, 2005. I picked this dataset in light of the fact that it contains the data expected to do my examination on jail savagery unfortunate behavior. The 2005 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities is the seventh list of State establishments and the fourth of Federal organizations supported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and its antecedents. Prior censuses were finished in 1974, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1995 and 2000. The office universe was created from the Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities led in 2000. In 2000, information were gathered from 84 government offices and 1,584 non-administrative offices working on June 30th, 2000. In 2005, each State’s Department of Corrections was reached to distinguish new offices and offices that had been shut since June 2000. Phone subsequent meet-ups were completed during 2006. Everything except one respondent-State of Illinois-took an interest in the Census.My study decides whether in a timeframe between January first, 2005 and December 30th, 2005, the restorative offices utilized in existing dataset 24642 experienced physical or rapes, miscond

My Brother Is a Role Model free essay sample

A good example is significant. For some individuals, it is an expert competitor, a legal advisor or a creator. For me, it is my sibling. My sibling assumes the most significant job in my family since he cares very much about my training, he is capable, and accommodating. For one, my sibling is my good example since he cares very much about my training. To start, when I was in 6th grade in Mrs. Tijera’s math class, it left me with an awful encounter. For instance, I recollect when we had math tests, schoolwork assignments and tests, I got all F’s. Everything in math I did was never right. In math, the numbers gave me trouble, so my sibling inspired me to continue pushing forward. He kept awake with personal, on numerous occasions, until I improved my evaluations to and utilized it for instance to better myself by and large. We will compose a custom article test on My Brother Is a Role Model or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He accepts that getting an advanced degree prompts showing signs of improvement work. At the point when he was in school he began his first employment at the passage level situation in banking. He graduated and got his master’s in business so now he improves and can make the most of his home, new vehicle and family. He had instructed me that I could gain from my disappointments. Consequently, my sibling is my good example cares very much about my training and helped me prevail in my math class, the manner in which my trouble worked with me at that point, is the means by which he works with me now. Furthermore, I admire my sibling since he has a vocation in banking and is dependable. At the point when my sibling entered his activity he entered a section level position he didn't have a lot of obligation. His situation in the organization was at the most reduced of all. In the wake of finishing his advanced degree he moved into an administration position. He started to be a pioneer and fired climbing the stepping stool into an administration position and moved to an alternate bank in a similar organization. He had gain trust to control from his administration position so he had greater duty. He needed to ensure what he controlled ran easily and spare the organization cost so in this manner cash. Taking everything into account, it started to better his life and on account of this I can see that it is conceivable. It urges me to be dependable and too observe myself prevail by setting off to every one of my school classes until I can graduate as well. Finally, my sibling assumes the most significant job in my family since he is useful. For one, he has helped our family from multiple points of view. In a manner my sibling helped our family when we didn't expect my sibling as well. For instance, he has helped around the house by taking care of our water tab when we truly required it. Additionally, when he inhabited home with us, he would purchase our staple goods and numerous family necessities: a toaster, ice chest, and a microwave. To finish up, it is a direct result of these things that my sibling did that cause my profound respect to develop. To finish up, all through my youth my sibling was there for me, and what he has done has made him a mindful, cherishing, and conscious individual in my eyes. He has attended a university, he showed signs of improvement occupation, and he has helped my family around the house and possesses energy for the entirety of his family. Along these lines, I appreciate him and I try to be increasingly similar to him.

Case Study for Marketing and Communications of Apple iPhone 7

Question: Talk about the Case Study for Marketing and Communications (Marketing Plan of Apple iPhone 7). Answer: Official Summary Apple Inc. is one of the most rumored marks in the historical backdrop of Smartphone advertise. With the assistance of its I-Phone item, the organization gets one of the main associations in the current condition overwhelmed widely by the advances. The enormous effect in the contemporary Smartphone industry makes I-Phone the top rated item as a feature of Apple. By thinking about the colossal requests in the specific market, the yet-to-be-declared iPhone 7 by the Apple family would be fundamentally organized as a major aspect of shaping the general report. The paper will be critically included building up an appropriate comprehension with respect to the related showcasing plan for iPhone 7 to pick up the legitimacy of the proposed forms. It is accepted that the recently inventive item planned by the organization will set a significant pattern in the market of Smartphone to give a critical serious effect on its adversary rivals like Samsung. This specific truth drives this paper to ex amine the potential showcasing approaches and models supporting the dispatch of iPhone 7 in the explicitly picked advertise. Organization Overview: Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne set up Apple on first April 1976 for creating and selling PCs. The organization was fused as Apple Computer, Inc. on January 3, 1977. Apple was renamed as Apple Inc. on January 9, 2007, for mirroring its moved concentration towards purchaser hardware (Apple. 2016). The Headquarter of the organization is in California. Apple Inc. has 9 items alongside 7 administrations and 378 retail locations over the globe. The association has 478 Apple retail locations in 17 nations starting at 2016. In spite of the fact that the prime fascination of the organization is I-telephone, it has different items including Apple Watch, Apple TV, iLife, iWork, Mac. Apple has gathered absolute US$233.715 billion income in 2015, and the all out resource of the organization is US$305.277 billion as of second quarter of 2016 (Apple. 2016). Macintosh Inc is an American global association that plans and sells shopper gadgets, PC programming, and PCs. The organization is most popular for their equipment items including Mac PCs, the iPod media players, the I-Phone Smartphone and the I-Pad tablet PC (Jun and Sung Park 2013). The shopper programming of the organization includes the I-OS working frameworks, iTunes media program, and the Safari internet browser. Lately, the association has been confronting a few difficulties in growing business in the worldwide stage. With the inclusion of the vital execution, the association has been attempting to upgrade its business openings in the worldwide stage. The association has been wanting to dispatch their new I-Phone 7 over the globe (Galmarini et al. 2013). Current Marketing, examination By breaking down the present market insights, it tends to be surveyed that the association has been acquiring benefits from every item area including Mac PC, iPod, I-Phone, I-Pad, and others. In an ongoing business report, it has been distributed that expanding request of I-Phone would guarantee 100 million by 2013 (Tsai and Chang 2013). Despite the fact that the organization has been confronting enormous rivalry from Google and Microsoft, the association has been attempting to improve their innovation to increase upper hands in the worldwide market. Apple is universes biggest data innovation organization by complete resources that connects enormous segment markets for getting sufficient incomes. It turned into the first U.S association to be esteemed at over US$ 700 billion (Kim, Kim and Chen 2012). The organization utilizes 11,000 perpetual full-time workers starting at July 2015. The association comprises of 478 retail locations in seventeenth organization as of March 2016 (Apple. 2016). As of late, the association has been extending their business in the huge segment zones for increasing upper hands. By breaking down the yearly business report, it tends to be recognized that Apple has gathered complete yearly income of $233 billion for the monetary year finishing off with September 2015 (Bergvall-Kareborn and Howcroft 2013). Subsequently, it very well may be evaluated that the association has effectively maintained its business in the global stage for the advantages augmentation. SWOT investigation: Qualities Apple is perceived as a brand that consistently stays faithful to their obligation. Along these lines, it has solid brand value. Creative manner of thinking permits Apple to create special items. Apple iPhone use most refreshed and advance for of programming. This permits Apple to make very easy to use gadgets Shortcomings All the Apple items are exceptionally costlier when contrasted with some other contenders. Subsequently, it limits numerous individuals from buying the item. iPhone keep up a predictable plan. Hence, it needs assortment to draw in more clients. Openings The prevalence of the advanced cell is developing each day. It gives immense potential market to Apple to infiltrate. As of now, iPhone has confined its business in the urban territories. Subsequently, there is still parcel of market are there for Apple to cover for the business development. Dangers Android working framework is the most clear risk for Apple. Google has ready to make huge effect on the organizations of the portable around the world. A few different associations like Samsung, Motorola, and so forth are likewise made gigantic effect on the portable organizations. Table 1: SWOT investigation (Source: Leavell and Cooper 2016) PESTEL investigation: Political Throughout the years, Apple has ready to produce gigantic measure of notoriety the whole way across the world. It expands the measure of corporate tax assessment for the organization, where disparity in pay has gotten one of the major policy driven issues. Apples creation unit intensely relies upon the lower cost in China. Accordingly, if China faces any political aggravation, it will influence the business procedure of the association. Efficient Increment in the work cost in China can exploit away from the Apple item. Increment in the swapping scale can likewise expand the cost of the iPhone significantly further. Stale salary of the white collar class individuals can likewise make immense measure of effect on the organizations of the Apple. Social Apple despite everything doesn't have forceful enthusiastic connection with the individuals of Africa. Hence, it influences the organizations of the association. There is additionally moral worry about the assembling procedure of Apple in China. Mechanical Huge rivalry in the versatile business has upholds Apple to improve its advances in proceeds with way. Developing assortment of the cell phones lessens the interest of the iPhone to a limited degree. Developing security risk is additionally initiating association to improve the security of the working framework. Ecological Removal of the harm gadgets is one of the prime ecological issues of the Apple. Assembling impact on condition is additionally another developing natural issue that Apple needs to confront. Legitimate iPhone has as of late went into the division of profoundly managed money related administrations through Apple pay. Thusly, associations need to confront extra standards and guideline. Besides, increment security risk has affected government to actualize more principles and guideline that Apple needs to keep up so as to keep up its business in legitimate way. Table 2: PESTEL investigation (Source: Bonk 2015) Targets: The prime target of the association is to expand its benefit by making noteworthy items including I-Phone, I-Pad, MacBook and so forth. The association offers wide scope of premium items at premium costs (De Mooij 2013). Apple has faith in forceful estimating, as it permits the association to maintain huge piece of the pie and high overall revenues. Apple centers around the group building society for maintaining improved work process structure at the association. As of late, the association has been attempting to dispatch I-Phone 7 in the market. The past renditions of I-telephone have just pulled in countless individuals in the general public (Levinson 2012). By propelling this specific item in the market, the association would encounter benefit amplification in the business. In spite of the fact that the association has confidence in the forceful valuing model, the serious market circumstance has made challenges for them to hold that evaluating framework in the business. Savvy objective: Explicit Increment the prevalence of the iPhones all over the globe. Improve brand quality much further. Quantifiable Increment deals by up to 10% Increment fulfillment level of the client by 25% Attainable Persuade potential clients to buy iPhone7. Improve client care procedure to upgrade the persuasive degree of the clients. Important Target immaculate rustic markets from the whole way across the world so as to upgrade the business volume Actualize compelling advertising technique to draw in new clients. Time-bound Prime center will be to expand the business volume inside a quarter of a year after the dispatch of the iPhone7. Table 3: SMART investigation (Source: Bergvall-Kareborn and Howcroft 2013) System Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning (STP) System and Segmentation: In the division techniques, the association centers around the attributes of the clients in the general public. Apple for the most part targets business experts as their essential clients. By propelling the Apple I-telephone 7, the association attempts to connect with the business experts, young people, and individuals from higher-working class society (Armstrong et al. 2014). Additionally, the association would draw in the geological division alongside methodical practices for the upgrade of the segmenta

Royal Bank of Canada Case Study - Free Essay Example

The Royal Bank of Canada experienced some fundamental managerial errors in May 2003. It was reported as a major â€Å"glitch† that had been caused by wrong configuration during the installation process. A simple problem had severely affected the lives of millions of people. In this essay I will discuss the security and control problems such as the simultaneous upgrade of both the main and back-up systems. This will lead into the strategies management could have used to prevent these problems happening in the first place and what they can do differently in future. I will also explain how management neglected the public relations side of the issue which had customers questioning the reliability and stability of Royal Bank of Canada ultimately leading to disloyal customers. Finally this essay will argue how well Royal Bank of Canada responded to the computer software issue and what they should have done differently to prevent the problem and ease the situation once it had happened. From the errors and mistakes made from the Royal Bank of Canada, other banks and industries can learn how to avoid them. One such bank in Australia is St George, in depth I will discuss the risks of malfunction or abuse customers may experience when dealing with the information systems with reference to relevant case studies. The Royal Bank of Canada was founded in 1864, and in just over a century had grown its total assets to over $413 Billion, had 60,000 employees and served 12 million customers. The Royal Bank of Canada set the benchmark in its industry and as you would expect was the first bank in Canada to install computer technology. On Monday, May 31, 2004 Royal Bank of Canada information technology staff made a programming upgrade which was designed to significantly improve the banking software. Unfortunately during the installation process, according to Martin Lippert, Royal Bank of Canada’s vice chairman, the glitch in the banks computer systems â€Å"was most likely caused by a single worker entering ‘a relatively small number’ of incorrect codes during the update. † You may ask, â€Å"Where was the security and control to supervise this critical procedure? This basically caused the system to crash, and to make the situation even worse managerial and control procedures that were intended to make fix the problem only exacerbated it. This caused a domino effect in the build up of work which meant the repairs took longer than expected and Royal Bank of Canada was struggling to make up the lost ground. Stakeholders in the Royal Bank of Canada were furious with the inconvenience and we re demanding answers to their problems. The first question most people asked was, â€Å"why weren’t backup systems used to maintain the flow of business operations while the main systems were down? And, â€Å"When was the problem going to be fixed!? † These issues were generated primarily due to the fact that operational control procedures contained fundamental errors. It’s concerning to discover that the CEO, Gordon Nixon and information technology specialists oversaw two fundamental errors. One, the new software should have been carefully tested before the installation process began – a critical flaw in which the organisation failed to pick up on even though its clearly stated in its policy to do so, and two, the upgrade should not have been simultaneously installed on both the main and backup systems. This would have voided the whole situation because the Royal Bank of Canada would still have had their backup system operating in the event of a malfunction. In defence of Royal Bank of Canada they did manage to fix these problems promptly and announced on the 8th on June 2004 that they had resumed normal business practices. However, Royal Bank of Canada came under heavy criticism for the way in which they handled the public relations. The chaos from within the organisation was made transparent to its customers, this made them feel nervous about the stability and security of their finances. In retrospect, I believe that the Royal Bank of Canada should have handled its public relations differently. It shows a lack of integrity and signs of incompetency when promises are not kept and policies are not adhered to. For example, the Royal Bank of Canada had assured that all systems and accounts would be normalised by Thursday, June 3rd. However, people were still experiencing difficulties with their accounts later in the week. The cumulative effect of its errors was widespread. Hundreds of thousands of other workers around Canada ran into similar delays or difficulties accessing their deposits. These people affected may have responded better to the delays had the main figure (George Nixon) of the Royal Bank of Canada been present to make the announcements. Overall the Royal Bank of Canada dealt with the computer glitch reasonably well. It was fixed quickly and effectively. For most customers it was only a matter of not having their account figures displayed at their fingertips which they were so familiar with, and the minority who did struggle, such as a law firm executive assistant by the name of Andrea Mitchell, was forced to ask her employer for a cash advance to make up for her temporarily lost pay check. Following the announcement that the bank had resumed normal business practices, they began the process of clearing up any banking fee errors, and resolved discrepancies from service charges and overdraft interest. They indicated that all accounts should be reflected accurately in customers following statements. To do this accurately RBC hired Crawford Adjusters Canada as its â€Å"administrator for non-banking related costs and losses in the banks processing disruption. The bank made claim forms available, by phone and on the internet and set a deadline of September 30, 2004 for customers to file claims. RBC handled claims under $100, leaving larger claims to Crawford. In addition RBC issued a formal apology and created a segment on their official website dedicated to detailed explanations of the computer problem which was kept updated throughout their progress. RBC also recruited IBM as a consultant to investigate the causes of the problem and provide guidance on how to avoid such problems with future transitions in technology. These precautionary measures, prompt help, and the simple claims to adjust banking errors went a long way in restoring the faith and loyalty between the bank and its customers. Any bank in the world can look at this case study and take something out of it. From an objective view, one obvious lesson to learn is ‘Don’t cut corners’. The Royal Bank of Canada somehow skipped out one critical procedure in the early stages of the upgrade in technology. There was a policy in place that stated â€Å"test the software before its installed. † How management failed to notice this was a basic error. Here’s one lesson Banks in Australia can implement, â€Å"be pedantic about following policies. † Also when dealing with change within an organisation ALWAYS have a backup plan. In the case of RBC they had no backup plan in the case of a malfunction in the computer systems. There are also procedures where RBC proved its competency and excelled in areas such as the great customer service it provided shortly after the commotion such as the website that was devoted to detailed explanations of the problem and updates on the progress of restoring its records. The bank also made claim forms available, by phone and on the internet for customers who had been affected as a result of the disruption or incurred bank fee errors. All Australian Banks can look at this example and derive various lessons, whether it be new security measures or new public relations strategies, all of these lesson’s can ultimately reduce the risk of one such event reoccurring. In conclusion, I believe the Royal Bank of Canada was able to move forward and learnt a lot from their mistakes. The mistakes were obvious and perhaps done out of indolence. The collapse of the banks computer system was caused by an error in the coding during installation. If the policy was adhered to and security procedures were controlled and supervised this fundamental error could have been negated. In connection to this, from a managerial perspective, the flaw of both systems being simultaneously updated should have raised an alarm. This was the second critical error that contributed to the disruption in banking systems. These simple errors in procedures had huge repercussions that should have been overseen by management. However what was done was done. The Royal Bank of Canada had an escalating task on hand to mend the situation. They had to restore the accounts and repair the trust in their customers. In the immediate aftermath, management and staff in general were confused and somewhat lost as to when the systems would be up and running again. It may have been optimistic or just naive to announce all systems and business would resume as normal within three days of the malfunction. In regards to that, this was the only flaw in providing customers with misleading information. Therefore the Royal Bank of Canada in my opinion handled all other areas of customer service reasonably well and was able to provide its customers with the help they needed. * Find and discuss references to Australian banks dealing with the risks of malfunction or abuse of their customer oriented information systems. ANZ employs various security measures to ensure that your transactions and personal information are protected. However, you as a customer can also play a big part in protecting your banking and personal information by looking out for the following; (â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats†) Phishing . Phishing is a scam where hackers fish for your personal details by using hoax emails claiming to be from financial institutions. This method continues to be favored by online thieves. (â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats†) Spyware 2. Spyware is a type of software that covertly collects user information while on the Internet. Viruses and Worms 1. An email vir us is the latest type of computer virus. It is transported through email messages and usually replicates by automatically distributing itself out to all contacts on the victims email address book. 2. A worm is similar to a virus. It exploits computers in a network that contain security holes. Once a security hole is found, the worm will attempt to replicate itself from computer to computer. Like viruses, worms can be equally destructive. (â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats†) Trojans. 1. Trojan is a destructive program that poses as a harmless application. Unlike viruses, Trojans do not replicate themselves and do not need a host program to attach to. (â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats†) ANZ’s goal is to provide its customers with the simplest and most effective banking services possible. The ANZ Fraud Money Back Guarantee means that if you suffer a loss as a result of a fraudulent transaction on your ANZ card, ANZ will credit your account with the amount of the loss provided you: (â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). * Didn’t contribute to the loss; and * Have notified ANZ promptly of the fraud. Credit Card Security ANZ credit cards are designed with the latest technology like ANZ Falconâ„ ¢ to help prevent fraud. As youll see below, theres also a wide range of other security measures to help protect your card including micro-chip technology, choice of pen or PIN, Verified by Visa, MasterCard SecureCodeâ„ ¢. â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). ANZ Falconâ„ ¢ worldwide credit card security 24/7 If we notice some unusual purchasing activity on your credit card via ANZ Falconâ„ ¢, well contact you to check that everything is in order. (â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). Pen or PIN? Authorising your credit card purchase is now a more se cure process with your choice of either a signature or PIN (Personal Identification Number). (â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). Security chipped cards Micro-chipped cards make it harder for credit card thieves to fraudulently copy your card. â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCodeâ„ ¢ If youre shopping online, you can enable your card with these services that require a password and unique message to authorise purchases. With ANZ Falconâ„ ¢ security, Online shopping guarantee, micro-chip technology, choice of pen or PIN, Verified by Visa, MasterCard SecureCodeâ„ ¢ and ANZ CreditCover PLUS insurance, your ANZ credit card provides you with more protection than ever before. Now you can shop with confidence online, over the counter or over the phone. As you can see there are numerous security measures banks now have to carry out due to the increase in fraudulent behaviour. It’s not necessarily people who have become more deceitful it’s just that developing technology makes it so easy for fraud and con artists. This is why banks are always developing new security measures to keep one step ahead. (â€Å"ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad†). Word Count: 1871 Bibliography 1) ANZ The ANZ Fraud Squad. URL: https://www. anz. com/auxiliary/security-centre/fraud-security-centre/fraud-squad/. ) â€Å"Internet Fraud Security Threats† URL: https://www. anz. com/auxiliary/security-centre/fraud-security-centre/protect-yourself/identifying-fraud/internet-fraud/ 3) â€Å"Royal Bank of Canada’s Software Woes Case Study† URL: https://www. pearsoneducation. nl/Laudon_9/pdf/E%20Case%20h9. pdf 4) Personal Banking Services RBC Royal Bank. URL: https://www. rbcroyalbank. com/personal. html. 5) â€Å"2008, Royal Ba nk Of Canada Annual Report† URL: https://www. rbc. com/investorrelations/pdf/ar_2008_e. pdf 6) Ian Austen, â€Å"Bank Software Woes Leave Many Canadians Without Money,† New York Times, June 7, 2004; 7) â€Å"RBC Admits Human Error, Scam Artists Act,† Ottawa Business Journal, June 10, 2004; 8) Lindsay Bruce, â€Å"RBC Glitch Still Not Ironed Out,† ITWorldCanada. com, June 7, 2004; 9) Chris Conrath, â€Å"Anatomy of a Snafu,† ITWorldCanada. com, June 11, 2004; 10) Paul Waldie, â€Å"RBC Calls in Help,† Globe and Mail, www. theglobeandmail. com , accessed June 19, 2004; 11) Mel Duvall, â€Å"RBC’s Account Imbalance,† Baseline Magazine, July 1, 2004; and CP, â€Å"RBC Still Making Up for Glitch,† London Free Press, www. canoe. ca , accessed June 19, 2004.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Neural Correlates And...

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Neural Correlates and Biomarkers Author: Mirriam Mikhail Student ID: 998991989 Institution: University of Toronto Scarborough Word Count: Abstract Post-traumatic stress disorder was officially classified approximately three decades ago. Considering its relatively recent discovery, the complete etiology and optimal biological therapies are yet to be elucidated. This review examines the neural correlates and biomarkers of PTSD along with biological therapy options. Studies revealed that hypoactivation of the ACC and hyperactivation of the amygdala are consistent with PTSD, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex may be increasingly unable to regulate the emotional processes of the amygdala.†¦show more content†¦These symptoms, sometimes referred to as ‘soldier’s heart’ were only defined as a disorder in 1980, when it was officially terms posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a psychological condition that occurs following traumatic experiences that pose a real or apparent threat to life. The person may re-experience the trauma, avoid associated stimuli and be in a state of hyperarousa l (Admon, Milad Hendler, 2013). Considering that the condition was more recently classified, the etiology and optimal treatment of the disease have yet to be completely verified. However, considering that approximately half of the population will be exposed to a traumatic event within their lifetime, it is imperative that we appreciate the understanding and treatment of the disorder (Admon et al., 2013). There is a broad variability of data that implicates a variety of brain regions in the disorder. Recently, several biomarkers have been discovered concordant with the manifestation of the disorder. The purpose of this review is to focus on the neural correlates and biomarkers of PTSD and their use in facilitating interventional therapy. It will consider findings related to peripheral markers such as cortisol and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and various neural pathways that may lead to the presentation of the disorder. A critical analysis of these recent findings will elucidate and aid

Progressivism Improving Society One Step At A Time

Progressivism: Improving Society One Step at a Time The Progressive Era of America was filled with individuals who believed that they could improve society. These individuals believed that they could give every citizen of America more morals, opportunity and equality. They believed that societal structures could be established that would bring morality to the American people and that every American had the right to pursue success in their social, economic and political life. Progressives were motivated by a sense of freedom, but the freedom present in this era was not beneficial to society. The capitalist elite were â€Å"free† to exploit their industrial workers and their children with long hours and low pay and free to force those workers to work in terrible conditions. Women were â€Å"free† to continue to act as subservient house wives with no opportunity for advancement, and men were free to enforce this subservience with violent means. Immigrants and women were â€Å"free† to remain uneducated and inactive i n the political movements of America. These â€Å"freedoms† are examples of the inequality between men and women, immigrants and citizens, and the upper, middle, and lower class. Using morals, education, and politics, Progressives combatted society’s ills and pushed society in the right direction. One of the first progressive movements aimed to improve the industrial workplace and the lives of its workers. Industrial workers worked long hours for low pay in a dangerous workplace, andShow MoreRelatedThe Accomplishments Of Henry David Thoreau1472 Words   |  6 Pages Background Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12th, in Concord Massachusetts. Thoreau was many things, not simply just a writer; but he was one of the most influential writers America knows today. Early on in his life he grew up in a simple home with hard-working parents, and an abundance of siblings. His father and mother both had worked as teachers as well as investing in many other trades to get by. Henry started developing his talent for writing early on, by age ten he had written his firstRead MoreThe Curriculum At Applied Behavior Consultant, Inc. ( Abc ) Infant And Toddler Development Program2096 Words   |  9 Pagesvarious degrees; Behavioral, system, and humanistic. The behavioral approach is the oldest and still the most dominant approach to curriculum. This approach relies on the technical and scientific principles that include paradigms, models, and step-by-step strategies for formulating curriculum (Ornstein and Hunkins, 2013, p.2). The behavioral approach is nicknamed â€Å"blueprint† or â€Å"document† because it is based on a plan. â€Å"Goals and objectives are specified, content and activities are sequenced toRead MoreThe Effect of The New Deal on United States Economy in Crisis1994 Words   |  8 Pagesthe details of the Great Depression began to emerge from the post-World War I rubble; historians have wondered how such a horrific catastrophe could have taken place. The following investigation will examine the role of the New Deal in improving the U.S. economic crisis from two differing perspectives: the New Deal, when viewed as a whole, was an economical achievement of epic proportions, and that none of the successes associated with the economic crises during the GreatRead MoreSixteen Most Significant Events in U.S. History between 1789 to 19756920 Words   |  28 Pagesbelieve are the sixteen most significant events of that time period. The attached sheet identifies the events and places them in brackets by time period. The following discussion provides my reasoning for selecting each of the events and my opinion as to their relative importance in contrast to each other. Finally, I have concluded that of the sixteen events, the Civil War had the most significant impact on the history of the time period in which it occurred and remains the most significantRead MoreCorruption in Government4697 Words   |  19 Pagestrading, patronage, embezzlement, electoral fraud, kickbacks, unholy alliances, conflicts of interest and several others. Corruption is a weapon that demoralizes the credibility of public institutions. It attacks the morality of justice and damages society. Effective law enforcement is essential to corroborate anti-corruption efforts. 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Taba’s Model has 7 major steos: 1 .Diagnosis of learners needs and expectation of the larger society 2. Formulation of learning objectives 3. Selection of learning content 4. Organization of learning content 5. Selection of learning experiences 6. Organization of learning activities 7. Determination of what to evaluate and the means of doingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Discourse on the Method. New Haven

Question: Describe about the Discourse on the Method of New Haven? Answer: Discourse on the Method By Descartes; The Discourse on the method can be considered as a rational thesis that also reflects as an autobiography of the author Ren Descartes that was published in 1637. This book can be measured as one of the most significant work that exist in modern philosophy and which is essential for the development of natural sciences (Descartes, 2009). In this book, the author deals with skepticism that has been earlier studied by scholars such as Empiricus and Montaigne. The author begins his reasoning primarily by having a doubt on everything since that would give him a clear and fresh view. In Part IV of the book, Descartes had challenged his own reasons. He states that there exists three things that cannot be doubted and these three things also tend to assist each other to form a steady basis for his method. Further he states that the doubt reason cannot be doubted by the method since it is based on a reason. When he states reason he actually refers to God and states that God is primarily the guarantee that the reasons will not be misguided. In this phase of the book the most worrying part of the argument is the existence of God and the evidence of that existence. Gradually the author realizes this as he slowly provides the three different evidence of the existence of God. Descartes in the Part IV of the book understood that there was no doubt about the thoughts that persist in him. Hence he tried to find an answer to prove his existence. In order to do so, he had decided to dedicate his life in the search of truth. His pretence was on the fact that whatever has ever entered the mind of this person was true to the extent of his dreams and illusions (Descartes, 2012). Descartes believed that the all questions that exist actually either have a mathematical answer or a scientific answer. While searching for answers had used those principles that were already well known and in return had set out to create specific knowledge and truth (Descartes, n.d.). One of the surprises lies in the evidence of his existence and the proof regarding the same. In this book, Descartes proves that God and soul exists. While the author reflected on the style of his dreams and how his senses are unreliable, he gradually becomes conscious of the manner of his thoughts and hence proves his existence. As conclusion Descartes had said that the soul is different from the body and is depends on the unreliability of the senses when compared to that of pure reason (Descartes et al., 1996). The doubts that existed in him prevented him to believe on his perfectness and still his capability to visualize perfection indicated that something that is perfect should exist outside him which is God. Hence according to me the surprise ending is the realization of the perfectness of God which he was made to observe. The surprise lies when Descartes states that god is perfect and his ideas are given by God and his dependence was because of his perfectness for existence. References Descartes, R. (2009).A discourse on the method of rightly conducting one's reason and seeking truth in the sciences. [Waiheke Island]: Floating Press. Descartes, R. (2012).Discourse on the Method. Lanham: Start Publishing LLC. Descartes, R., Weissman, D., Bluhm, W., Descartes, R. (1996).Discourse on the method. New Haven: Yale University Press. Descartes, R.Discourse on the method of rightly conducting the reason, and seeking truth in the sciences. Raleigh, N.C.: Alex Catalogue.

The Lack of Effective Labor an Example of the Topic Career by

The Lack of Effective Labor by Expert Jayjay1 | 27 Dec 2016 The lack of effective labor-based parties in the US in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Introduction Need essay sample on "The Lack of Effective Labor" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The lack of effective labor-based parties in the United States is mainly said to lie within the American society. The establishment and sustainability of any organization and institution depends much on the visions and mission of the people forming the organization. Students Very Often Tell EssayLab writers:I'm not in the mood to write my paper. Because I want to spend time with my boyfriendEssay writer professionals suggest: Buy Essay Papers And Live Free From TroublesBuy College Essays Online Get Paid To Write Papers For Students Writing Services Buy Essays Online According to the information sources, the United States society has been much organized politically in the capitalism and socialism ways. Though such organizations have been at certain moments weak and without fulfilling their objectives, the labor based parties in the US are perceived as the most wavering organizations especial during the late 18th c and early 19th century. Despite the large numbers of workers in the United States at this particular era, the success of such parties was undoubtedly enormous which left most of the leaders of the parties with immense surprises. The failure issue of labor-based parties has for long time therefore remained a heated debate of which examining the major factors that led to the collapsing and unsuccessful growth of these early parties open and mitigates ways of strengthening workforce parties. This would be based on the considerations several factors employed which were eminent during the particular era. Capitalism factor The ending of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century are depicted as period during which the ideology of capitalism was coming up to its culmination. During this period, most of the Americans were gaining the insight of wealth accumulation. The idea of wealth accumulation was in the public memory and this entrenched ideology led the people thinking to be geared towards property accumulations. However, the poor man made is good and living through the merit of hard work. The poor indigenous Americans were less hit than the other people from other regions. The American forefathers of this particular epoch had the easy time and utilized little efforts to accumulate the wealth they required. It only took their precious time to move across the land in westward direction to claim the land as part of wealthy accumulation. The simplicity of wealth accumulation in term of land was of paramount draw back to the formation and development of labor based parties. This effortless acquisition of the land muted their reasoning ability focus on exploitation making them to feel much comfortable under workplace conditions which halted the need to organize and sustain labor based parties. Slavery and oppression Factor The success of the union and parties is only guaranteed by the freedom and right to exercise all the responsibilities and obligation of the organization. The conditions which are observed at this era are much scaring for the workers to have got the guarantee of exercising such obligations. As far as the workers environment is concerned, fears and scaring workplace conditions were rampant. This conspicuous unfavorable condition within the organizations of employment made many workers to spare themselves punishable indulgency in such organizations. This led to small number of the workers participants in those parties. Apart from the authenticity of the workers parties, workers had to endure undeserving and inhuman work conditions. The mistreatment of workers by the employers was not quite unusual. Despite these inhuman and mistreatment activities, workers would often go on strikes but would rarely yield to substantial results due lack of supports from such organization. During the declaration of strikes, oppression and suppression were some of the commonly used strategies to the employees a case which was much implemented under the employers support of their security officials. The battle between the workers and their employers was also agitated by the involvement of other parties and the weak workers would receive much humiliating conditions from the government. This is because in case of the employers being vanquished by their employees, the authorities of the government would command to offer support violently against such workers. The combined efforts against the employees from the employers and the government always left them as losers, with many parties ending up as disbanded unions. For instance, in the 1877, workers from the railroads went on rioting with the local police over the huge reduction on wages and unemployment that made them dissatisfied. At the end of the struggle, thousand of live were claimed lost in the workers side which resulted to immeasurable others remaining depressed. The consequences of such uprising of the employers and employees led to the worsening of unemployment conditions; hence, there parties were greatly weakened in most of the states. The wit of the employers was to get cheap labors from the society. The persistence of high unemployment rates was thus an advantage to the employers. This gave them a good number from were they could select the cheap labor. They used the discrimination methodology whereby the enlightened workers would remain jobless due to the fact that they were party members. This kind of employers strategy deterred most workers from registering as labor party members. Immigration and social factor According to the Marxist perception, work force must rise to the level of realizing the exploitation imposed on them. This instigates the idea of forming and sustaining a labor party in a nation. This was rarely the case with most of the workers in the United States in this era. In spites of the overt exploitation in the US, the coming together of workers in solidarity was quite difficult. Farmers and miners likewise were being exploited and forced to work. Some farmers were being forced to move from their farming fields to the cities were they can be exploited; however, they did not come as one group to fight against the vice. The disunity portrayed among the workers is well rooted from the manner in which they settled from their parts of origins. During the immigration time of the communities that settled in the US cities, the people occupied these regions according to ethnic groups. The various cities were populated by people of same community rather than work class. This perhaps was driven by the need for security and social satisfaction. This implies that those from the blacks would overpopulate a given area and in the same ways, the Asian, Indians and any other groups had their own territories. The settlement of the people in distinct zones on racial basis cut down the possibility of political integration and many other issues that the people could share as workers. This included sharing of cultural and traditional practices. The lack of intense interaction among the immigrants who were seen as the source of cheap labor therefore hindered the intense cohesion of solidarity among the workers. In such a situation, one ethnic group could be misused to fight against the other and make their unity in labors party impossible. Reference: Edmunds, R. 2008, The Enduring Nation, University of Illinois press Hareven, K. 1995: Amoskeag: UPNE publisher William J, 1896, Across of Gold= speech to the 1896 Democratic convention, Retrieved from peoples party readings and why the farmers revolted on 27th March 2009

Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte essays

Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte essays Wuthering Heights opens as a diary; according to Steinitz (2000), this serves as a means to establish a frame through which the story can be told. Steinitz also suggests that Bronte uses a personal diary to "articulate her preoccupation with space by locating all of her family members precisely" (Steinitz, 2000:1). She notes the exact positioning for example of her sister Anne's foot on the floor; likewise her character Catherine uses a diary not to place people, but rather as a means to detail a "series of struggles which replace emplacement with displacement" (Steinitz, 2000:1). The work goes on to discuss the displacement of a series of characters including the narrator, who rambles from time to time and seems to suffer from an "anxiety of place;" Lockwood, the narrator obviously uses the diary as a method of discourse, but also as a means perhaps to search for a space to put himself (Steinitz, 2000:1). These ideas are perhaps reflective of Ms. Bronte's own desire to find a place for herself. According to Gaskell (1857) Bronte's earliest years were passed amidst "peculiar forms of population and society" (p.9) whose impressions made upon her early life influenced her writing, including that in Wuthering Heights. Gaskell goes on to say that Bronte's observations of the "peculiar force of character which the Yorkshirement display" are evidenced in many of her characters, particularly Joseph in Wuthering Heights. Joseph is an individual that rarely requires the assistance of other; yet comes to depend upon them; he might be considered a member of the "short- sighted class" whose feelings are not easily roused, but "their duration is The characters in Bronte's Wuthering heights, primarily Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, have been described as "psychologically strange" yet intelligible (Levy, 1996:1). Joyce Carol Oates commented that ...

Using Kiosk Banking to Lower Cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Using Kiosk Banking to Lower Cost - Essay Example Such machines, also called electronic kiosks, are used for data retrieval, information gathering, and dispensing banking services. They have an interface platform and a personal computer powered by software to handle financial transactions. Some kiosks also have videoconferencing, magnetic stripe readers, smart card reader and â€Å"electronic pads† that reproduce signatures on laser printed mortgage forms. The banks also realized later that the use of kiosks needs to be marketed pro-actively. These machines can’t attract customers on their own. Olivetti North America Inc, of Liberty Lake, Washington and NCR, Dayton, Ohio are the market leaders in manufacture of kiosks, though not without competition. The kiosks may differ in variety, color, style and working. Washington Mutual Bank of Seattle has installed its kiosks in discount stores where they are used for requesting loan applications besides normal banking functions. The Bank is also experimenting in the kiosk usage in absence of store staff. The Bank feels that the kiosks have made a positive difference to the business. Ed Reger, vice-president of the Bank says that unlike some other banks, they will not give up on developing customer relations and will not put up kiosks in stand alone environment. Reger feels that places like retail outlets, offices of realtors, and retirement homes hold great potential for the use of kiosks. In a typical kiosk operation, a person can fill an application to open a bank account, append electronic signatures and discuss with customer s ervice department through video conferencing. However, the high costs associated with the technology dissuade smaller institutions from using it. Meanwhile NCR and Affinity Technology group have joined hands to put to use NCR software to develop automated lending capabilities. On the other hand, Olivetti kiosks have different core module for different operations. The machine of Dyad Inc., another manufacturer helps the customers to secure a

The Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Federal Reserve - Essay Example Monetary policies are conducted through open market purchases, changing the discount rate, and determining the reserve requirement among banks. The main premise of any monetary policy instituted by the Fed is that any change in the money supply will consequently affect aggregate demand, price level, and the GDP deflator. Open market purchases allow Fed to buy and sell T-bills and T-bonds at discounts in order to take advantage of the gains from the purchase price and maturity value. These instruments are generally considered as less risky investments as they assure Fed of a sure yield at maturity dates. Fed, with its discretionary power, can also opt to purchase and sell stocks. However, as Fed is mandated is act like a "prudent person" and limit itself to less risky financial instruments, it will not engage in such operations. Accordingly, Fed is not allowed to enter in transactions that a prudent man will not undertake. It should be noted that stock markets like the NYSE are highly volatile and stocks are high risk investments. Selling and buying stocks will expose Fed into the risk of losing all its investments with the failure and collapse of business organizations.

London Metropolitan Police Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

London Metropolitan Police - Essay Example Since then, many police agencies with the same mission continued to develop in the United Kingdom. Organization of the London Metropolitan Police The London police force members were known as Bobbies led by two magistrates who later acquired the titles of commissioners. Bobbies underwent many challenges including corruption emanating from the influence of wealthy men - a vice that contributed to the failure in combating crime. As a result, the metropolitan police administrators worked so hard to overcome the Bobbies’ misdeeds which led to loss of jobs for the corrupt Bobbies. The administrators were then authorized to form domestic police forces by another act of parliament that made every district and county in England to form its own police force (Siegel, 1994) Sir Robert operated on several principles which should guide the police force in their work. First, the mission was to end crime and disorder as a relief to the criminals that underwent extensive punishment; same for the legal authorities and military police. The police were required to attend to their duties as expected by the public as well as respect them. In maintaining respect, the police were required to cooperate with the public in abiding by the law. ... To actualize the slogan that the police are the public and the public are the police, the police were urged to maintain good relations with the public at all times. The police were not allowed to abuse powers of the judiciary by committing extra judicial crimes such as judging the accused in an authoritative manner. The police were recommended on the basis of reduced or no cases of crime and disorder in the society and how they generally dealt with crime (Kasper, 2010). Later, the most significant law enforcers known as sheriffs were established. They were involved in peacekeeping activities, collecting taxes, overseeing elections and dealing with other legal businesses in the country. Today, the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is charged with the responsibility of organizing and dealing with counter terrorism matters as well as protecting the British Loyal Family and senior figures of Her Majesty’s Government. The MPS is headed by the Commissioner of Police of the metropoli s, known as the Commissioner which is divided into numerous Borough Operational Command Units .The police areas are headed by the metropolitan district (MPD). The MPS is headed by the Commander, Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and Commissioner in order of ranking. The body is also organized into territorial policing, specialist crime directorate, specialist operations, central operations, administration, and support, each headed by An Assistant Commissioner to perform different functions (Loftins,1982). Entry Requirements Key to the performance of the police include: law and order enforcement, prevention of crime and provision of safety to the public. This goal is unachievable if the relationship between the police and

Romeo And Juliet - Importance Of Friar Lawrence :: essays research papers

Even though he was not actually on stage for most of the play, he was the most important character in the play. There was basically three major parts that lead to the tragedy; marriage, the plan and the deaths. In all three of these parts Friar Lawrence played a vital role. His attempts to make the marriage of Romeo and Juliet was very admirable but were poorly planned. It these attempts that make his role the most significant one in the play. This is why Friar Lawrence is the most powerful character in the play. The tragedy of their deaths could not have happened if Romeo had received the message in time. This is due to Friar Lawrence not planning how he was going to fake Juliet's death. Due to his dauntless attempts to keep the two lovers together, he still failed. This was shown in Act 4 Scene 1 " I do spy a kind of hope, Which craves as desperate execution As that is desperate which we would prevent". One of his faults in the plan is shown in Act 5 Scene 3 when Friar John does not know the importance of the letter and does not give it to Romeo. "I could not send it. Nor get a messenger to bring thee, so fearful were they of infection". Another fault to his plan is in Act 3 Scene 3 when he tells Romeo that he will send a friend of his to inform him the news. Instead of telling him that a fellow friar of his was bringing the message. "I'll find your man, and he shall signify from time to time every good hap to your chances here". The magnitude of his role is showed again when he is involved in another major part of the play; the marriage. He risks his reputation as a Friar so he can unite to star crossed lovers in marriage. The character of Friar Lawrence is extremely important because if he would not have married Romeo and Juliet the play would maybe not ended in tragedy. This gamble is shown in Act 2 Scene 6 "Come, come with me, and we will make short work, For, by you leaves, you shall not stay alone Till Holy Church incorporate two in one". He conceives that because of the marriage between Romeo and Juliet that the families will end their hatred for each other.

If I Won a Million Dollars and Could’nt Speend It on Myself

I would help my family members. Some of the money I would donate to charity. The rest of the money would go to helping children. First I would give to my mom she raised me as a single mother and had a hard time. I would then get banking accounts for my children so they would have money when they became adults. And hopefully they would make good decisions in life, that would give my kids a better opportunity than I had I would just hope they use it well and that’s the first thing I would do. Next I would donate to charity give money to the Ronald McDonald house. I would give money to the battered women’s shelter to help then get back there life because as a kid I lived with my mom as she was being battered. It would be nice to help someone in need and there’s a lot of women in need of help to escape from being battered and abused . Finally I would build an after school facilities for children so they are not on the streets after school it would have sport’s activities, meals, transportation, and support services. It would help to get more kids off the streets , And that’s what I would do, I would help my family, donate money to charity, battered women’s shelter, and build a after school facilities for children. I may not never win a million dollars but that’s what I would do if I ever won but I’m going to keep playing maybe one day I might win.

Machiavelli and the Use of Antiquity in The Prince and The...

Machiavelli and the Use of Antiquity in The Prince and The Discourses The Renaissance was a time of classical revival and a turning point from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern period in the course of history. Ancient texts and artifacts became sources of inspiration for intellectuals and artists alike, and the desire to emulate—or even surpass the achievements of the past prompted them to study antiquities closely and saw them as models and guidance. People were consciously distinguishing themselves from the medieval thoughts and using history to make something new for their own era. In the field of political philosophy there’s no exception. Niccolo Machiavelli is perhaps the most representative and groundbreaking figure of this trend in political philosophy. With his erudition in ancient literature, histories and political thoughts, Machiavelli draws various sources from antiquity to critic and response to the political environment of histime. While one may find seemingly discrepancies in The Prince and The Discourse on the First Ten Books of Tius Livy, the use of histories as guide to demonstrate or propose ideal rules is apparent in both works. We should note that synthesizing ancient philosophy or thoughts with contemporary thoughts is nothing new. Thomas Aquinas, for example, reconciled Aristotelianism and Christianity in his work Summa Theologica, using ancient antiquity to back up his Christian beliefs. What is so noteworthy in Machiavelli is his emphasis andShow MoreRelatedEssay Commanding Lady Fortune: Machiavelli’s Theory of History1637 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli’s Theory of History Machiavelli opens his Discourses on Livy by declaring that what will follow will be entirely revolutionary—â€Å"a path yet untrodden by anyone†Ã¢â‚¬â€but then quickly backs down from such assertions, shifting his focus away from his own efforts to the modern views of the ancients, and leaving the nature of this revolutionary undertaking ambiguous (Discourses, 5) . Indeed, the purpose of the whole work is repeatedly skirted in the preface. Machiavelli instead focuses on the distinctionRead MoreComparison of the Renaissance and Enlightenment.3470 Words   |  14 PagesRenaissance means rebirth or recovery, has its origins in Italy and is associated with the rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization. The age of the Renaissance is believed to elapse over a period of about two centuries, approximately from 1350 to 1550. Above all, the Renaissance was a recovery from the Middle Ages and all the disasters associated with it: the Black Death, economic, political and social crises. For the intellectuals, it was a period of recovery from the Dark Ages; a

Unsaturated Definition in Chemistry

In chemistry, the term unsaturated usually refers to one of two things: When referring to chemical  solutions, an unsaturated solution is able to dissolve more solute. In other words, the solution is not saturated. An unsaturated solution is more dilute than a saturated solution. When referring to organic compounds, unsaturated means a molecule contains double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. Examples of unsaturated organic molecules include HCCH and H2CO. In this context, being saturated can be thought of as being saturated with hydrogen atoms. Saturation can also refer to the percentage of protein binding sites that are filled or the lack of susceptibility of an organometallic compound to oxidative addition. Whenever the term saturation is used in chemistry, it refers to whether a phenomenon is close to maximum capacity. Source Badertscher, M.; Bischofberger, K.; Munk, M.E.; Pretsch, E. (2001). A Novel Formalism To Characterize the Degree of Unsaturation of Organic Molecules. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 41 (4): 889. doi: 10.1021/ci000135o

Essay on Graduation Speech - 1015 Words

Christopher Columbus, reflecting on his voyage which led him to the discovery of America, said, Following the light of the sun, we left the Old World. I am sure that after four years of high school, we have all formed our own opinion of Christopher Columbus - especially if you had Mrs. Powers - but whether you view him as a genocidal rogue or the first American Hero, I find his quote fitting for where we stand today. As we set sail, leaving behind the Old World of Coleman High School, there are many things that I am sure none of us will miss. We will enter a world without Scholarly Papers or Culminating Exhibitions; a world where we can use our cell phones freely and urinate without the permission of our teacher. In the real world,†¦show more content†¦These are just a handful of the many educators who have impacted us thus far. But as the old Chinese proverb states, teachers open the door, but you must enter by yourself. Now it is our time to take the first step in our voyage and enter the door that has been opened for us. When we leave here tonight, preparing ourselves to take on the unfamiliar waters ahead, our journey may lead us to many different passages. Some of us will stay at home, some will join the armed forces, some will work, and some will go to a community college or a four-year school. But I believe that which path we choose does not matter. In our grand voyage, some of us will find ourselves owning a farm, others will become pharmacists. Some will be lawyers, and other law enforcers. Some will work on car engines and some will be engineers. But who cares who does what? We all come from different backgrounds and we all have different futures ahead of us. It is not what we do, but how we do it. 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The role of the nurse in health promotion Free Essays

string(31) " the legal aspects of smoking\." Introduction This assignment proposes to discuss the role of the nurse in health promotion. To facilitate the discussion in the delivery of primary, secondary and tertiary levels of health promotion, the health risk of tobacco smoking in relation to Lung Cancer has been chosen. National policies will be explored in relation to smoking and how these influence the delivery of health promotion by the nurse. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of the nurse in health promotion or any similar topic only for you Order Now The barriers to health promotion will be identified along with ways in which these may be overcome. The intention of the World Health Organisation (WHO) to achieve â€Å"Health for All† by the year 2000 was published in their Ottawa Charter, the outcome of which was to build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen communities, develop personal skills and reorient health services. They identified key factors which can hinder or be conducive to health; political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural, and biological (WHO 1986). The current health agenda for the UK aims to improve the health of the population and reduce inequalities with particular emphasis on prevention and targeting the number of people who smoke (DH 2010). Inequalities in health have been extensively researched and although attempts have been made to overcome these, there is evidence to support that the divide between the rich and the poor still exists in society. Marmot (2010) highlighted the lower social classes had the poorest health and identified social factors such as low income and deprivation as the root causes which affect health and well being.Increased smoking levels were found to be more prevalent in this cohort. Bilton et al (2002) suggests the environment an individual lives in can have an adverse effect on health in that it can influence patterns of behaviour. For example, families living in poor housing conditions, in poverty or in an environment away from a social support network can suffer psychological stress; which in turn can prompt coping behaviours such as tobacco smoking (Blackburn 1991, Denny Earle 2005). Smoking is a modifiable risk factor to chronic disease such as Cancer of the Lung, with 90% of these cases being the result of smoking (Cancer Research UK 2009) itis the single biggest preventable cause of premature death and illness and is more detrimental to the poorer in society. Responsible for 80,000 lives per year, the huge financial burden on the NHS to treat illness associated with smoking is estimated at ?2.7 billion each year (DH 2010). This illustrates the huge opportunity for public health to address the wider issues associated with inequalities and to target people who smoke. Various White papers have demonstrated the Government’s commitment in reducing smoking figures and preventing uptake, both at individual and population levels, through health promotion activity, empowering individuals and enabling them to make healthier lifestyle choices (DH 2004, DH 2006, DH 2010). Health promotion is a complex activity and is difficult to define. Davies and Macdowall (2006) describe health promotion as â€Å"any strategy or intervention that is designed to improve the health of individuals and its population†.However perhaps one of the most recognised definitions is that of the World Health Organisation’s who describes health promotion as â€Å"a process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health (WHO 1986). If we look at this in relation to the nurse’s role in smoking cessation and giving advice to a patient, this can be seen as a positive concept in that with the availability of information together with support, the patient is then able to make an informed decision, thus creating empowerment and an element of self control. Bright (1997) supports this notion suggesting that empowerment is created when accurate information and knowledgeable advice is given, thus aiding the development of personal skills and self esteem. A vital component of health promotion is health education which aims to change behaviour by providing people with the knowledge and skills they require to make healthier decisions and enable them to fulfil their potential.Healthy Lives Healthy People (2010) highlight the vital role nurses play in the delivery of health promotion with particular attention on prevention at primary and secondary levels.Nurses have a wealth of skills and knowledge and use this knowledge to empower people to make lifestyle changes and choices. This encourages people to take charge of their own health and to increase feelings of personal autonomy (Christensen 2006).Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, therefore nurses are in a prime position to help people to quit by offering encouragement, provide information and refer to smoking cessation services. There are various approaches to health promotion, each approach has a different aim but all share the same desired goal, to promote good health and prevent or avoid ill health (Peate 2006). The medical approach contains three levels of prevention as highlighted by Naidoo and Wills (2000), primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary health promotion aims to reduce the exposure to the causes and risk factors of illness in order to prevent the onset of disease (Tones Green 2004). In this respect it is the abstinence of smoking and preventing the uptake through health education and preventative measures. One such model of prevention is that of Tannahill’s (1990) which consists of three overlapping circles; health education for example a nurse may be involved in the distribution of leaflets educating individuals or a wider community regarding health risks of smoking, prevention, aimed at reducing the exposure to children, for example, in 2007 the legal age for tobacco sales increased from age 16 to 18 years in an attempt to reduce the availability to young people and prevent them from starting to smoke (DH 2008), health protection such as lobbying for a ban on smoking in public places. If we look at this in relation to the role of the school nurse, this is a positive step when implementing school policies such as no smoking on school premises for staff and visitors, as this legislation supports the nurse’s role when providing information regarding the legal aspects of smoking. You read "The role of the nurse in health promotion" in category "Essay examples"Research demonstrates that interventions are most effective when combined with strategies such as mass media and government legislation (Edwards 2010).Having an awareness of such campaigns and legislation is essential to aid best practice and the nurse must ensure that knowledge and skills are regularly updated, a standard set by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008). Croghan Voogd (2009) identify the school nurse’s role as essential in the health and well-being of children in preventing smoking. Many people begin to smoke as children, the earlier smoking is initiated, the harder the habit is to break (ASH) and this unhealthy behaviour can advance into adulthood.Current statistics illustrate that in 2009 6% of children aged 11-15 years were regular smokers (Office for National Statistics 2009). These figures demonstrate the importance of prevention and intervention at an early stage as identified by the National Service Framework (NSF) for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (DH 2004). Smith (2009) highlights the school nurse as being in an advantageous position to address issues such as smoking and suggests that by empowering children by providing support and advice, this will enable them to adopt healthy lifestyles. NICE (2010) suggest school based interventions to prevent children smoking aimed at improving self esteem and resisting peer pressure, with information on the legal, economic and social aspects of smoking and the harmful effects to health.Walker et al (2006) argue self esteem is determined by childhood experiences and people with a low self esteem are more likely to conform to behaviours of other people.This can be a potential barrier in the successful delivery of health promotion at this level, with young children exposed to pressure to conform; they are more likely to take up unhealthy behaviours such as smoking (Parrott 2004).The nurse can overcome this by working in partnership with teachers and other staff members to promote self-esteem by ensuring an environment conducive to learning, free from disruptive behaviour which promotes autonomy, motivation, problem solving skills and encourages self-worth (NICE 2009). Despite the well known health risks to tobacco smoking, unfortunately 1 in 5 individuals continue to smoke (DH 2010). Whitehead (2001) cited in Davies (2006) argues the nurse must recognise and understand health related behaviour in order to promote health. Therefore, when delivering health promotion the nurse needs to be aware of all the factors which can affect health, some of which can be beyond individual control. Smoking cessation is one of the most important steps a person can make to improve their health and increase life expectancy, as smokers live on average 8 years less than non smokers (Roddy Ross 2007). Secondary prevention intends to shorten episodes of illness and prevent the progression of ill health through early diagnosis and treatment (Naidoo Wills 2000). This can be directed towards the role of the practice nurse in a Primary Care setting, where patients attend for treatment and advice that have symptoms of illness or disease as a result of smoking, such as Bronchitis. Nice guidelines (2006) recommend that all individuals who come into contact with health professionals should be advised to cease smoking, unless there are exceptional circumstances where this would not be appropriate, and for those who do not wish to stop, smoking status should be recorded and reviewed once a year. It is therefore essential the nurse maintains accurate and up to date record keeping. Smoking cessation advice can be tailored to the specific individual and therefore it is important that the nurse has the knowledge and counselling skills for this to be effective. The process of any nursing intervention is ultimately assessment, planning, implementing and evaluating (Yura Walsh 1978), this applies to all nurses in any given situation including health promotion. One such method of smoking cessation which can be used as an assessment tool is known as the 5 ‘A’s approach, ‘ask, assess, advise, assist, arrange’ (Britton 2004). â€Å"Ask† about tobacco use, for example how many cigarettes are smoked each day, and â€Å"assess† willingness and motivation to quit, taking a detailed history to assess addiction.Objective data can be obtained using a Smokerlyser which measures Carbon Monoxide levels in expired air (Wells Lusignan 2003). These simple devices can be used as a motivational tool to encourage cessation and abstinence. C astledine (2007) suggests the principle of a good health promoter is to motivate people to enable them to make healthier choices; this is made possible by the ability to engage with individuals at all levels. Individuals who are not motivated are unlikely to succeed (Naidoo Wills 2000).â€Å"Advise† patients to stop smoking and reinforce the health benefits to quitting, â€Å"assist† the patient to stop, setting a quit date and discussing ways in which nicotine withdrawal can be overcome. Being unable to cope with the physical symptoms of withdrawal can cause relapse and be a barrier to success, therefore it is essential the nurse possesses a good knowledge base of the products available to assist in reducing these symptoms if she is to persuade people to comply with treatment, such as the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). NRT is useful in assisting people to stop smoking and has proved, in some instances to double the success rate (Upton Thirlaway 2010). NRT products are continually changed and updated; therefore the nurse must ensure she has the knowledge and skills to identify which products are available, the suitability, how it works and any potential side effects. Identifying triggers and developing coping strategies is useful for maintenance of a new behaviour, measures such as substituting cigarettes for chewing gum and changing habits and routines are just some of the ways in which self control can be achieved (Ewles Simnett 1999). Finally â€Å"arrange† a follow up, providing continual support and engagement. For patients who do not wish to stop smoking, advice should be given with encouragement to seek early medical treatment on detection of any signs and symptoms of disease. Good communication skills are essential to the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and a patient and these must be used effectively by providing clear, accurate and up to date information. The nurse should be an active listener and encourage the patient to talk, using open-ended questions helps demonstrate a willingness to listen, listening and showing concern for a patient’s condition demonstrates respect (Peate 2006). The use of medical jargon and unfamiliar words can be a barrier to communication and should be avoided as these can affect a patients understanding. Leaflets can reinforce information provided by the nurse and increase patient knowledge, however the nurse must ensure these are in a format and language the patient can understand. Lack of literacy skills can prevent a patient reading and understanding the content of a leaflet, the nurse can assist with this by reading and explaining to them. To assist in the assessment process the nurse may utilise a model of behaviour such as Prochaska DiClemente’s stages of change model (1984). This works on the assumption that individuals go through a number of stages in order to change behaviour, from pre -contemplation where a person has not considered a behaviour change, to maintenance, when a healthier lifestyle has been adopted by the new behaviour.The stage a person is at will determine the intervention given by the nurse; therefore it is essential that an effective assessment takes place. Walsh (2002) highlights patient motivation as central to success using this model, in that a patient will have more motivation; the more involved they are in planning the change. Despite the health promoting activities mentioned and the increasing public awareness of the health risks to smoking, there are people who continue to smoke and some further develop illness as a consequence. Lung cancer has one of the lowest survival rates, and as little as 7% of men and 9% of women in England and Wales will live five years after diagnosis (Cancer Research UK 2011). Acknowledging this, the governments â€Å"Cancer Plan† aimed to tackle and reform cancer care in England by raising awareness of the signs and symptoms of cancer by investing in staff and extending the nurses role (DH 2000). This involves further training and education for nurses to develop their skills and knowledge to enable them to provide the treatment and/or advice required. This was succeeded by â€Å"Improving outcomes: a strategy for cancer† the aim being to enable patients living with cancer a â€Å"healthy life as possible†.The government pledged ?10.75 million into adve rtising a â€Å"signs and symptoms† campaign to raise awareness of the three cancers accounting for the most deaths, breast, bowel and lung, to encourage the public to seek early help on detection of any symptoms (DH 2011). Currently no results are available on the effectiveness of this intervention due to its recent publication, however, one national policy that has had a positive effect on the health of individuals and the population is that of the â€Å"smoke-free England† policy implemented in 2007 prohibiting smoking in workplaces and enclosed public places. Primarily this policy was enforced to protect the public from second hand smoke; however, on introduction of the law smoking cessation services saw an increase in demand by 20%, as smokers felt the environment was conducive to them being able to quit (DH 2008). This policy also extended to hospital grounds, and the nurse must ensure a patient who smokes is aware of this on admission and use every opportunit y possible to promote health. Tertiary prevention aims to halt the progression, or reduce the complications, of established disease by effective treatment or rehabilitation (Tones Green 2004). A diagnosis of cancer can cause great distress and a patient may go through a whole host of emotions. Naidoo and Wills (2000) suggest the aim of tertiary prevention is to reduce suffering and concerns helping people to cope with their illness.The community nurses role has been identified as pivotal in providing support for patients and families living with cancer (DH 2000). The World Health Organisation describe Palliative care as treatment to relieve, rather than cure, the symptoms caused by cancer, and suggest palliative care can provide relief from physical, psychosocial and spiritual problems in over 90% of cancer patients (WHO 2011). Assessment and the provision of health education and information at this stage remains the same as that in secondary prevention, and it is not uncommon for the two to overlap. Providing advice and education on symptom control may alleviate some of the symptoms the patient experiences, for example breathlessness is a symptom of lung cancer (Lakasing Tester 2006), and relaxation techniques may reduce this (Cancer Research UK 2011), therefore the nurse may be involved in teaching these techniques to the patient and family members. Continual smoking despite a lung cancer diagnosis can exacerbate shortness of breath and reduce survival rate (Roddy Ross 2007), therefore the nurse can use this opportunity to reinforce the risks of smoking. However, the nurse must use her judgement effectively and be sensitive to the patient’s condition, as the willingness to learn and respond to teaching can be affected by emotional state (Walsh 2002). Establishing effective pain control is es sential in the care of a cancer patient and this may involve discussion with the patients GP if medication needs adjusting. A referral to specialist help lines such as those provided by Macmillan cancer support may be useful in assisting a patient and/or family to cope with cancer, these services can be accessed in person or by telephone. These are just two examples of collaborative working and demonstrate the importance of inter-professional working. In conclusion, with the emphasis of health promotion concerning prevention of illness and disease, the role of the nurse is essential in raising awareness and providing education and advice to individuals to facilitate behaviour change. The complexities of health promotion indicate the extensive competences a nurse must possess to empower and motivate individuals. However, governments also have a responsibility to promote and protect health and are pivotal in introducing national policy to build â€Å"healthy publics† and environments conducive to health. 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(2006) Empowerment in nursing: Paternalism or maternalism. British Journal of Nursing, Vol 15, issue 13, pp 695-699 Croghan, E. Voogd, C. (2009) Time to employ more school nurses. British Journal of School Nurses, Vol 4, no 9, pp 421 Davies, M. Macdowall, W. (2006) Health Promotion Theory, Understanding Public Health. London, Open University Press Denny, E. Earle, S. (2005) Sociology for Nurses. Cambridge, Polity press, Department of Health (2000) The NHS Cancer Plan: a plan for investment, a plan for reform. London, The Stationary office Department of Health (2004) Choosing Health: Making healthy choices easier. London, The Stationary Office Department of Health (2004) National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services, London, The Stationary Office Department of Health (2006) Our Health, Our Care, Our Community: Investing in the future of community hospitals and services. 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(2000) Health Promotion: Foundations for Nursing practice, London, Bailliere Tindall National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2006) Brief interventions and referral for smoking cessation in primary care and other settings. (online) available at: http://www.nice.org/nicemedia/live/11375/31864/31864-pdf. Date accessed 9.2.11, 09.20am National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2009) Social and emotional wellbeing in secondary education: guidance 20. (online) available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11991/45484/45484/pdf. Date accessed 3.3.11, 09.00am National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2010) School-based interventions to prevent the uptake of smoking among children and young people, guidance 23.(online) available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12827/47582.pdf. 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(online) available at: http://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/clinical-information/smoking-smoking-cessation/smoking-education.aspx. Date accessed 22.5.11, 20.30 Smith, F. (2009) School nursing in the UK: where are we now. British journal of School Nursing, vol 4, no 7, pp 351-352 Tannahill Tones, K. Green, J. (2004) Health Promotion planning and strategies. London, Sage Upton, D. Thirlaway, K. (2010) Promoting Healthy Behaviour. A practical guide for nursing and healthcare professionals. Essex, Pearson Education Ltd Walker, J. Payne, S. Smith, P. Jarrett, N. (2005) Psychology for nurses and the caring professions, 2nd edition, London, Open University Press Walsh, M. (2002) Watson’s Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences, 6th edition. London, Bailliere Tindall Wells, S. De Lusignan, S. (2003) Does screening for loss of lung function help smokers give up British Journal of Nursing, vol 12, no 12, pp 744-750 Whitehead, D. As cited in Davies, K. (2006). What is effective intervention– using theories of health promotion. British Journal of nursing, vol15, no 5, pp 252-256 World Health Organisation (WHO) (1986) Ottawa Charter. (online) available at: http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ottawa-charter-hp.pdf. Date accessed 11.12.10, 15.20 World Health Organisation (WHO) (2011) Cancer fact sheet No 297 (online) available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/. Date accessed 9.5.11, 10.30 Yura, D. Walsh, MB. (1978) Human needs and the nursing process. New York, Appleton Century Crofts How to cite The role of the nurse in health promotion, Essay examples