Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Neural Correlates And...

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Neural Correlates and Biomarkers Author: Mirriam Mikhail Student ID: 998991989 Institution: University of Toronto Scarborough Word Count: Abstract Post-traumatic stress disorder was officially classified approximately three decades ago. Considering its relatively recent discovery, the complete etiology and optimal biological therapies are yet to be elucidated. This review examines the neural correlates and biomarkers of PTSD along with biological therapy options. Studies revealed that hypoactivation of the ACC and hyperactivation of the amygdala are consistent with PTSD, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex may be increasingly unable to regulate the emotional processes of the amygdala.†¦show more content†¦These symptoms, sometimes referred to as ‘soldier’s heart’ were only defined as a disorder in 1980, when it was officially terms posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a psychological condition that occurs following traumatic experiences that pose a real or apparent threat to life. The person may re-experience the trauma, avoid associated stimuli and be in a state of hyperarousa l (Admon, Milad Hendler, 2013). Considering that the condition was more recently classified, the etiology and optimal treatment of the disease have yet to be completely verified. However, considering that approximately half of the population will be exposed to a traumatic event within their lifetime, it is imperative that we appreciate the understanding and treatment of the disorder (Admon et al., 2013). There is a broad variability of data that implicates a variety of brain regions in the disorder. Recently, several biomarkers have been discovered concordant with the manifestation of the disorder. The purpose of this review is to focus on the neural correlates and biomarkers of PTSD and their use in facilitating interventional therapy. It will consider findings related to peripheral markers such as cortisol and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and various neural pathways that may lead to the presentation of the disorder. A critical analysis of these recent findings will elucidate and aid

Progressivism Improving Society One Step At A Time

Progressivism: Improving Society One Step at a Time The Progressive Era of America was filled with individuals who believed that they could improve society. These individuals believed that they could give every citizen of America more morals, opportunity and equality. They believed that societal structures could be established that would bring morality to the American people and that every American had the right to pursue success in their social, economic and political life. Progressives were motivated by a sense of freedom, but the freedom present in this era was not beneficial to society. The capitalist elite were â€Å"free† to exploit their industrial workers and their children with long hours and low pay and free to force those workers to work in terrible conditions. Women were â€Å"free† to continue to act as subservient house wives with no opportunity for advancement, and men were free to enforce this subservience with violent means. Immigrants and women were â€Å"free† to remain uneducated and inactive i n the political movements of America. These â€Å"freedoms† are examples of the inequality between men and women, immigrants and citizens, and the upper, middle, and lower class. Using morals, education, and politics, Progressives combatted society’s ills and pushed society in the right direction. One of the first progressive movements aimed to improve the industrial workplace and the lives of its workers. Industrial workers worked long hours for low pay in a dangerous workplace, andShow MoreRelatedThe Accomplishments Of Henry David Thoreau1472 Words   |  6 Pages Background Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12th, in Concord Massachusetts. Thoreau was many things, not simply just a writer; but he was one of the most influential writers America knows today. Early on in his life he grew up in a simple home with hard-working parents, and an abundance of siblings. 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Discourse on the Method. New Haven

Question: Describe about the Discourse on the Method of New Haven? Answer: Discourse on the Method By Descartes; The Discourse on the method can be considered as a rational thesis that also reflects as an autobiography of the author Ren Descartes that was published in 1637. This book can be measured as one of the most significant work that exist in modern philosophy and which is essential for the development of natural sciences (Descartes, 2009). In this book, the author deals with skepticism that has been earlier studied by scholars such as Empiricus and Montaigne. The author begins his reasoning primarily by having a doubt on everything since that would give him a clear and fresh view. In Part IV of the book, Descartes had challenged his own reasons. He states that there exists three things that cannot be doubted and these three things also tend to assist each other to form a steady basis for his method. Further he states that the doubt reason cannot be doubted by the method since it is based on a reason. When he states reason he actually refers to God and states that God is primarily the guarantee that the reasons will not be misguided. In this phase of the book the most worrying part of the argument is the existence of God and the evidence of that existence. Gradually the author realizes this as he slowly provides the three different evidence of the existence of God. Descartes in the Part IV of the book understood that there was no doubt about the thoughts that persist in him. Hence he tried to find an answer to prove his existence. In order to do so, he had decided to dedicate his life in the search of truth. His pretence was on the fact that whatever has ever entered the mind of this person was true to the extent of his dreams and illusions (Descartes, 2012). Descartes believed that the all questions that exist actually either have a mathematical answer or a scientific answer. While searching for answers had used those principles that were already well known and in return had set out to create specific knowledge and truth (Descartes, n.d.). One of the surprises lies in the evidence of his existence and the proof regarding the same. In this book, Descartes proves that God and soul exists. While the author reflected on the style of his dreams and how his senses are unreliable, he gradually becomes conscious of the manner of his thoughts and hence proves his existence. As conclusion Descartes had said that the soul is different from the body and is depends on the unreliability of the senses when compared to that of pure reason (Descartes et al., 1996). The doubts that existed in him prevented him to believe on his perfectness and still his capability to visualize perfection indicated that something that is perfect should exist outside him which is God. Hence according to me the surprise ending is the realization of the perfectness of God which he was made to observe. The surprise lies when Descartes states that god is perfect and his ideas are given by God and his dependence was because of his perfectness for existence. References Descartes, R. (2009).A discourse on the method of rightly conducting one's reason and seeking truth in the sciences. [Waiheke Island]: Floating Press. Descartes, R. (2012).Discourse on the Method. Lanham: Start Publishing LLC. Descartes, R., Weissman, D., Bluhm, W., Descartes, R. (1996).Discourse on the method. New Haven: Yale University Press. Descartes, R.Discourse on the method of rightly conducting the reason, and seeking truth in the sciences. Raleigh, N.C.: Alex Catalogue.